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Jane Seymour
Queen consort of England
Tenure	30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537
Proclamation	4 June 1536
Spouse	Henry VIII of England
Issue
Edward VI of England
Father	John Seymour
Mother	Margery Wentworth
Born	1508/1509
Died	24 October 1537 (age 28-29) Hampton Court Palace
Religion	Catholic

Jane Seymour (1508 – 24 October 1537) was Queen of England as the third wife of Henry VIII. She succeeded Anne Boleyn as queen consort following the latter's execution in 1536. She died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the birth of her only child, Edward VI.

Early life

Jane Seymour was the daughter of Sir John Seymour of Wiltshire and Margery Wentworth. Through her maternal grandfather, she was a distant descendant of Edward III of England and also the Percy family. Because of this, she and King Henry VIII were fifth cousins three times removed.^{citation needed} She was a second cousin to her predecessor Anne Boleyn through their mutual great-grandmother, Elizabeth Cheney.¹ Her exact birth date is debated; it is usually given as 1509, but it has been noted that at her funeral 29 women walked in succession.² Since it was customary for the attendant company to mark every year of the deceased's life in numbers, this implies she was born in 1508.

She was not educated as highly as Henry's previous wives, Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. She could only read and write her name. Instead, she was taught in needlework and household management, which was popular at that time for women. She became a maid-of-honour in 1532, in the last year of Catherine's reign. After Catherine's marriage to Henry was annulled by the Church of England and Anne Boleyn became queen, Seymour served Boleyn instead. The first report of Henry VIII's interest in Jane Seymour was in February 1536. Jane Seymour was noted to be pale and blonde, the opposite of Anne Boleyn's dark hair and olive skin.

Marriage

Henry VIII was betrothed to Jane Seymour on 20 May 1536, the day after Boleyn's execution, and married her ten days later. She was publicly proclaimed as Queen on 4 June. She was never crowned, due to a plague in London where the coronation was to take place. It has also been suggested that Henry was reluctant to crown Jane before she had fulfilled her duty as a Queen by bearing him a son and a male heir.^{citation needed}

As Queen Consort, Seymour was said to be strict and formal. She was close only to her female relations, Anne Stanhope (her brother's wife) and her sister, Elizabeth. The glittering social life and extravagance of the Queen's Household, which had reached its peak during the time of Anne Boleyn, was replaced by a strict enforcement of decorum. For example, the dress requirements for ladies of the court were detailed down to the number of pearls that were to be sewn onto each lady's skirt, and the French fashions introduced by Anne Boleyn were banned. Politically, Seymour appears to have been conservative; her only reported involvement in national affairs, in 1536, was when she asked for pardons for participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion. Henry is said to have rejected this, reminding her of the fate her predecessor met with when she "meddled in his affairs".³

The Six Wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr

Jane was of the Catholic faith, known as the "old faith"; it is believed, because of this and her loyalty to her former mistress, Catherine of Aragon, Jane put forth much effort to restore Henry's first child, Mary Tudor, to court and heir to the throne behind any children that Jane would have with Henry. Seymour also attempted to reconcile Mary with Henry.⁴ Shortly before her death, Jane showed signs of trying to restore Elizabeth, Anne Boleyn's daughter, to court also, starting with inviting Elizabeth to attend Edward's christening.

In early 1537, Seymour became pregnant. During her pregnancy, she developed a craving for quail, which Henry ordered for her from Calais and Flanders. She went into confinement in September 1537 and in October she gave birth to the coveted male heir, the future King Edward VI of England on 12 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace.

Death

After Seymour participated in the Prince's christening on 15 October 1537, it became clear that she was seriously ill. Jane's labour had been difficult, lasting two days and three nights, and rumours circulated that she died following an emergency Caesarean section, after Henry ordered the baby to be cut from her to prevent more stillbirths. In reality, it was puerperal fever. She died on 24 October 1537 at Hampton Court. She was buried in St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle after a funeral in which her stepdaughter, Lady Mary (later Queen Mary I), acted as chief mourner. Jane Seymour was the only one of Henry's wives to receive a queen's funeral.

The following inscription was above her grave for a time:

Here lieth a Phoenix, by whose death

Another Phoenix life gave breath:

It is to be lamented much

The world at once ne'er knew two such.

After her death, Henry wore black for the next three months and did not remarry for three years, although marriage negotiations were tentatively started soon after her death. She was Henry's favourite wife because, historians have speculated, she gave birth to a male heir. When he died in 1547, Henry was buried beside her.

Legacy

Jane's two brothers, Thomas and Edward, used her memory to improve their own fortunes.^{citation needed} Thomas was rumoured to have been pursuing Princess Elizabeth, but after Henry's death he married Henry's widow, Catherine Parr. In the reign of the young King Edward VI, Edward Seymour set himself up as protector and de facto ruler of the Kingdom. Both brothers eventually fell from power, and were executed.

On screen

• Seymour was first portrayed in film in the 1920 German film Anne Boleyn by Aud Edege Nissen.
• In 1933, Wendy Barrie played Seymour opposite Charles Laughton's Henry VIII in Alexander Korda's highly-acclaimed film The Private Life of Henry VIII.
• Seymour is a minor character in Hal B. Wallis' 1969 Oscar-winning Anne of the Thousand Days. She was played by Lesley Paterson, opposite Richard Burton as Henry VIII.
• As part of the 1970 BBC series The Six Wives of Henry VIII, the segment titled "Jane Seymour" presented her as a shy but honest introvert, devoted to her husband. Henry was played by Keith Michell, and Seymour by Anne Stallybrass.
• In 1973, this interpretation was repeated in Henry VIII and his Six Wives, in which Keith Michell reprised his role from the BBC drama; on this occasion Seymour was played by Jane Asher.
• Seymour was played by Charlotte Roach in David Starkey's documentary series on Henry's queens in 2001.
• Seymour is a supporting character in the BBC television drama The Other Boleyn Girl, played by Naomi Benson opposite Jared Harris as Henry VIII and Jodhi May as Anne Boleyn.
• In October 2003, in the two-part ITV drama Henry VIII, Ray Winstone starred as the King. Jane Seymour was played by Emilia Fox.
• Anita Briem portrays Seymour as lady-in-waiting to Anne Boleyn in the second season of the U.S. television series The Tudors. In the third season of the same series, when Jane Seymour becomes queen and later dies, the part is played by Annabelle Wallis.
• Seymour was played by actress Corinne Galloway in the 2008 film The Other Boleyn Girl.

In books

• Jane appears in a background role in The Dark Rose, Volume 2 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles, where, seen through the eyes of Anne Boleyn, she is given a less than sympathetic portrayal.

• Jane is a minor character in Philippa Gregory's popular novel The Other Boleyn Girl. Jane is a devout girl seen by the Boleyns as their rival family at court.
• Jane also appears in Alison Weirs debut novel Innocent Traitor and her second The Lady Elizabeth

In song

• The English ballad "The Death of Queen Jane" (Child #170) is about the death of Jane Seymour following the birth of Prince Edward. The story as related in the ballad is historically inaccurate, but apparently reflects the popular view at the time of the events surrounding her death. The historical fact is that Prince Edward was born naturally, and that his mother succumbed to infection and died 12 days later.

Most versions of the song end with the contrast between the joy of the birth of the Prince and the grief of the death of the Queen.

From version 170A:

The baby was christened with joy and much mirth,

Whilst poor Queen Jane's body lay cold under earth:

There was ringing and singing and mourning all day,

The Princess Elizabeth went weeping away

• The song Lady Jane by The Rolling Stones is rumoured to be about Jane Seymour and her relationship with Henry VIII.
• The song Jane Seymour featured on Rick Wakeman's album The Six Wives of Henry VIII is devoted to the homonymous queen.

Historiography

Jane was widely praised as "the fairest, the discreetest, and the most meritous of all Henry VIII's wives" in the centuries after her passing away. One historian, however, took serious umbrage to this view in the 19th century. Victorian scholar Agnes Strickland, author of encyclopaedic studies of French, Scottish, and English royal women, said that the story of "Anne Boleyn's last agonised hours" and Henry VIII's swift remarriage to Jane Seymour "is repulsive enough, but it becomes tenfold more abhorrent when the woman who caused the whole tragedy is loaded with panegyric." Strickland, however, was known for allowing her bias to influence her writing.

Hester W. Chapman and Eric Ives resurrected Strickland's view of Jane Seymour, and believe she played a crucial and conscious role in the cold-blooded plot to bring Anne Boleyn to the executioner's block. Joanna Denny, Marie Louise Bruce and Carolly Erickson have also refrained from giving overly-sympathetic accounts of Jane's life and career.

On the other hand, historical writers like Alison Weir and Antonia Fraser paint a favourable portrait of a woman of discretion and good-sense — "a strong-minded matriarch in the making," says Weir.

David Starkey and Karen Lindsey are relatively dismissive of Jane's importance in comparison to that of Henry's other queens (Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Parr) though they refrain from stating that she was the cause of the unfair trial. It must also be noted that it was unlikely she could accomplish as much as her predecessors, when her reign had been relatively short, no more than 1 year where she spent most of her time at bed rest, with child. Another consideration is that in this period of history, most queen consorts had little say in decision making and as such, Henry may logically be seen as the decision maker in Anne Boleyn's downfall. Jane's presence may very well have been incidental in his quest for a new wife and more importantly, a male heir in the form of a legitimate son.

Lineage

Notes

References

• The Six Wives of Henry VIII: Jane Seymour 1508-1537

External links

• http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1966 - Find A Grave
• A quick over-view of Jane's life, with a good portrait gallery as well
• A more in-depth historical look at Jane's life and times
• A 1996 interview with Anne Boleyn's most respected academic biographer, E.W. Ives in which he offers his interpretations of Anne Boleyn but also speculates on the role Jane played in Anne's downfall
• A geo-biography tour of the Six Wives of Henry VIII on Google Earth
• The text of the ballad The Death of Queen Jane